Tuesday, October 28, 2014

Some Observations on Watermarks from the Barouniyya Library | ملاحظات حول العلامات المائية من المكتبة البارونية

Part of my dissertation project is compiling a database of extant copies of Ibāḍī siyar from North Africa. One element of the database is cataloging the paper upon which these copies were written. Since these copies are often undated, an examination of the watermarks usually proves helpful when attempting to assign an approximate date of transcription. Most recently, I had the opportunity to examine a handful of these manuscripts at the Barouni family library in Djerba (Tunisia).

As was the case with the manuscripts I examined last year at the Bibliothèque Nationale de Tunisie, the majority of these copies are written on paper of Italian provenance. There, the dates of the paper ranged from the early 17th century to the 20th century. In the case of the Barouni library, a surprisingly early copy of al-Darjīnī's Kitāb al-ṭabaqāt was written on a paper bearing a "Bull's Head" watermark (Bārūnī MS 81, see photo). While precise dating will be tricky, this mark disappeared after the 16th century. (1) Thus far, this is the earliest copy of this work I have encountered.

The other manuscripts in the collection included an additional copy of al-Darjīnī's Ṭabaqāt, 3 copies of al-Barrādī's Kitāb al-jawāhir, one copy of Siyar al-Wisyānī, and one copy of al-Shammākhī's Kitāb al-siyar. While later research will help me pin down the provenance of the paper in each case, it is remarkable that watermarks on all of them (including "Anchor," "Crown, Star, Crescent," "Tre Lune") suggest not simply Italian but more specifically Venetian provenance. (2) Much of the collection of the Barouni family library came to Djerba from Egypt via Jabal Nafusa in the early 19th century. (3) In other cases, however, books were added to collection after being purchased in Tunis or the Jabal Nafusa. In many ways, this confirms what T. Walz has demonstrated regarding Italian dominance in paper trade with Egypt (4). In the specific case of the Ibāḍīs of North Africa, however, it raises questions as to how this paper came to places like Tunis, Jabal Nafusa, and Djerba itself when not purchased in Egypt. Was the paper imported to Egypt and then transferred to North Africa, as was in the case of West Africa? Or was there direct purchase of paper from Venetians in port cities along the North African littoral?

يشتمل مشروع الأطروحة جمع بيانات حول النسخ الموجودة من بعض كتب السير عند الإباضية. بما أنّ المخطوطات لا تحمل تاريخا محددا في الكثير من الأحيان فأنّ العلامات المائية قد تساعد في بعض الأحيان في تحديد تاريخ النسخ. في الأسبوع الماضي، كانت لديّ الفرصة أن أحلل بعض المخطوطات في المكتبة البارونية في جربة (تونس). كما كانت معظم المخطوطات التي حلّلتها في المكتبة الوطنية التونسية، ترجع أغلبية الأوراق التي كُتبت عليها هذه النصوص إلى مصانع إيطالية (من القرن ١٧ إلى القرن ٢٠ الميلادي). ولكن في ما يتعلّق بالمكتبة البارونية، فوجئت من نسخة مبكرة نسبيا من "كتاب الطبقات" للدرجيني تحمل العلامة المائية المسمية بـ"رأي الثور" (انظر الصورة) التي لم تُستعمل بعد القرن ١٦ الميلادي (1). هذه النسخة هي أقدم نسخة من الطبقات التي رأيتها شخصيا حتى الآن. 

بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أكثرية العلامات في المخطوطات الأخرى ترجع ليست إلى إيطالية فحسب بل وإنّما إلى مدينة فينيسيا (البندقية) تحديدا(2). أغلبية المخطوطات في المكتبة وصلت إلى جربة من مصر في بداية القرن التاسع عشر(3). يشجّع هذا كله ما قاله الدكتور تارنز والز في مقاله حول هيمنة الإيطاليين في تاريخ تجارة الورق في مصر(4). هذه المعلومة تثير أسئلة كثيرة حول كيفية وصول الأوراق هذه إلى المغرب العربي. في بعض الحالات، المخطوطات جاءت من مصر ولكن في بعض الحالات الأخرى نعرف أنّ المخطوطات نُسخت في تونس أو جبل نفوسة.

References | مراجع

(1) C. Briquet, "II. Tête de boeuf à yeux" in Les Filigranes (V.4), 730-2.
(2) E. Heawood, Watermarks: Mainly of the 17th and 18th Centuries, 22-24.
(3) On the collection's history and catalog see the Barounia website: http://elbarounia.com/
(4) Walz, "The Paper Trade of Egypt and the Sudan in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries and its Re-Export to the Bilād al-Sūdān," in Krätli and Lydon, (eds.), The Trans-Saharan Book Trade, (Brill 2011), 73-108.

Wednesday, October 22, 2014

Bookworms, literally | دود الكتب...فعلا

This week, I returned to Djerba in order to look at a handful of manuscripts housed in the Bārūnī family library. Much more on these manuscripts and the visit to Djerba to come...

While examining an 18th century(?) copy of al-Barrādī's Kitāb al-jawāhir, I encountered an unexpected resident: a bookworm. Now, I have certainly read about 'bookworms' and have often seen the results of insects feasting away at manuscript book pages--cursing them in absentia, of course--but was nevertheless surprised to see one, living and breathing (and eating), inside a manuscript before my very eyes. This tiny white larva (bookworms are not actually worms) was difficult to photograph. But I tried and then tossed him into the garden. I suspect he was a beetle larva from one of the many types of beetles here on the island. This experience was a reminder to me of the importance of preservation and the logistical difficulty of protecting a large collection of old books on a Mediterranean island.


هذا الأسبوع رجعت إلى جزيرة جربة لأحلّل بعض المخطوطات الموجودة في مكتبة العائلة البارونية. أكثر عن الرحلة فيما بعد...ولكن

خلال تحليل نسخة كتاب الجواهر للبرادي من القرن الثامن عشر، تعرّفت على مقيم غير متوقع: "دودة كتاب". طبعا، قرأت مرارا عن دود الكتب ولكنّي أستغربت كل الاستغراب من أن أرى دودة تسكن وتأكل مخطوطا أمام عينيّ! هذه الحشرة البيضاء الغريبة (دود الكتب ليست دودا في الواقع) كانت صعبة التصوير ولكنّي حاولت أن أصوّرها وثم رميتها من الشباك إلى الجنينة. ذكّرت التجربة هذه بأهمية المحافظة على المخطوطات والصعوبات اللوجيستيكية المتعلقة بعملية المحافظة في جزيرة في البحر المتوسط

Monday, October 20, 2014

Conference on Ibāḍī Siyar in Tunis | ندوة دولية حول السير الإباضية في تونس

A short note on an upcoming conference on Ibāḍī Siyar literature to be held in Tunis from 31 October - 2 November. The website has the list of topics and participants here: http://www.elsyar.tn/. The conference will be held in Madīnat al-ʿulūm in Tunis. Times have not be posted to the website. This will be a fascinating conference that will bring together scholars from throughout the Arabic-speaking world.

ملاحظة سريعة حول الندوة القادمة في تونس (مدينة العلوم في العاصمة) حول السير عند الإباضية من ٣١ أكتوبر إلى ٢ نوفمبر. قائمة المواضيع والمشاركين متوفرة هنا: 
أوقات الندوة لم تظهر بعد على الموقع. لا شك في أن الندوة ستكون مثيرة للاهتمام جدا بما أنّها تجمع المختصين بالتاريخ الإباضي من كل أنحاء العالم العربي.

Wednesday, October 1, 2014

Degree Distributions in Ibāḍī Prosopographies | توزيع الروابط في البروسوبوغرافيات الإباضية

Lately, I have been working on applying network analysis to some of the data taken from Ibāḍī prosopographical works. This post shows the results of one of the five books I have been working on, the Siyar al-Wisyānī, a composite text compiled over the 11th and 12th centuries. The graph is what is called a "degree distribution" in network analysis, and visualizes the connections among Ibāḍī scholars in the texts. A 'degree' refers to the number of edges (or 'links') any given node in the network has with other nodes. Here, the nodes are Ibāḍī scholars. The remarkable feature of this text is the entirely uneven distribution of edges: a handful of scholars have much higher degrees than the average. This means that the Siyar al-Wisyānī exhibits the same structure of other 'real-world' networks (whether they be among people, diseases, or computers). This phenomenon, called the 'power-law distribution' means that this handful of individuals are responsible for linking most other nodes in the network together. The resulting effect is often called the 'small world' effect in which the path between any two nodes in the network is actually remarkably short. In this case, the average path between any two Ibāḍī scholars is less than 4...remarkable given that the network consists of nearly 200 scholars.

[ستأتي الترجمة العربية فيما بعد]

Figure 1: This chart shows that the Siyar al-Wisyānī exhibits a 'power-law' degree distribution. This means that a handful of Ibāḍī scholars in the text who have unusually high degrees are responsible for most connections between other scholars.